“Once you change your philosophy, you change your thought pattern. Once you change your thought pattern you change your attitude. Once you change your attitude it changes your behavior pattern.” These words, from the famous “Ballot or the Bullet” speech by Malcolm X on April 12, 1964, show just how important Malcolm believed developing a stable and usable Black revolutionary nationalist ideology was to his political, social, and intellectual worldview. Thinking of Malcolm as both an activist and an intellectual is essential if one wishes to understand how he was able to galvanize so many Black Americans in the late Read more