Derek G. Handley’s Struggle for the City: Citizenship and Resistance in the Black Freedom Movement reframes the story of urban renewal and its effects on the Black communities in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin as rhetorical battles. While all three communities suffered losses—the Lower Hill, Rondo/St. Anthony, and Bronzeville neighborhoods—Handley illustrates through chapters one, two, and three, respectively, how the people were not “passive victims of urban renewal,” but instead agentive leaders who created lasting change and “laid the groundwork for future urban planning victories.”[1] Handley challenges the master narratives of the mid-twentieth century Black Freedom Movement Read more